Areas where Pashto is a mother tongue This article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper, you may see instead of characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see. This article contains. Without proper, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of. Pashto (, rarely, Pashto: پښتو Pax̌tō ), sometimes spelled Pukhto, is the language of the. It is known in literature as Afghāni ( افغانی) and in and literature as Paṭhānī.
Speakers of the language are called Pashtuns or Pakhtuns and sometimes Afghans or Pathans. It is an, belonging to the. Pashto is one of the two, and it is the second-largest regional language of, mainly spoken in the west and northwest of the country. In Pakistan, it is the majority language of the province of and the northern districts of. Along with, Pashto is the main language among the around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is estimated to be 45–60 million people worldwide.
Pashto belongs to the Northeastern Iranian group of the branch, but lists it as Southeastern Iranian. Pashto has two main dialect groups, 'soft' and 'hard', the latter locally known as Pakhto or Paxto.
Further information: and As a national language of Afghanistan, Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. The exact number of speaker is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the of 45–60% of the total. In Pakistan, around 26 million people speak Pashto, according to the 2006 census, which was around 15% of Pakistan's population at the time. Most of these people are in the northwestern areas of the country, comprising and northern.
There are also many Pashtun speakers in the major cities of Pakistan. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in, and further in the. There are also communities of part Pashtun descent in, including Bollywood families and Indian Film Cinema such as Khans.
They are integrated into Indian languages, hold mixed races, ethnicities, religions and culture and do not hold cultural reverence to the ethnicity or their origins. Pashtuns are of ancient Iranian origin and lived in Afghanistan years before other ethnic groups in Afghanistan. In addition, sizable Pashto-speaking communities also exist in the, especially in the, northeastern (primarily in to the east of, near the Afghan border). The speaks Pashto in countries like the, the, etc. Afghanistan Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with. Since the early 18th century, have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for in 1929). Persian, the literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions while the spoke Pashto as their.
King began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926-1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of 'official nationalism' leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the in the in 1919. In the 1930s a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration and art with the establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931 and the inauguration of the in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy Pashto Tolana in 1937. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a “sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing”. King (reigned 1933-1973) thus followed suit after his father had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. In 1936 a of Zahir Shah granted to Pashto the status of an official language with full rights to usage in all aspects of government and education - despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. Thus Pashto became a, a symbol for Afghan nationalism. The reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian was officially renamed to.
The lyrics of the are in Pashto. Pakistan In, Pashto is spoken as a first language by about 35-40 million people – 15.42% of Pakistan's 170 million population. It is the main language of the Pashtun-majority regions of and northern.
It is also spoken in parts of and districts of the and in, as well as by Pashtuns who live in different cities throughout the country. Modern Pashto-speaking communities are found in the cities of and in.
And are the two official languages of. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of and northern.
The primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu, but from 2014 onwards, the has placed more emphasis on English as the medium of instruction. English-medium private schools in Pashto-speaking areas, however, generally do not use Pashto. This section appears to contradict the article. Please see discussion on the linked. (May 2017) According to 19th-century linguist and modern linguist Michael M. Henderson, Pashto is 'descended from '.
The of Emperor written in and contains words are borrowed from Pashto language due to their proximity to the modern Pashto language., who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that the tribes inhabiting the lands west of the were part of and to their east was. Since the 3rd century CE and onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan ( Abgan) and their language as 'Afghani'. Scholars such as and others believe that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to of in the eighth century, and they use the writings found in. However, this is disputed by several modern experts such as and Lucia Serena Loi due to lack of evidence. Pata Khazana is a Pashto claimed to be first during the (1709–1738) in, Afghanistan.
Lucia Serena Loi considers a late 19th century forgery. From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote poetry in Pashto are, and, founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the. In modern times, noticing the incursion of Persian and Persianised-Arabic vocabulary, there is a strong desire to ' Pashto by restoring its old vocabulary. Grammar. Main article: Pashto is a (SOV) language with.
Nouns and adjectives are for two (masc./fem.), two (sing./plur.), and four (direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative). There is also an inflection for the. The system is very intricate with the following tenses: present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect and past perfect. The sentence construction of Pashto has similarities with some other Indo-Iranian languages such as and.
The possessor precedes the possessed in the genitive construction. The verb generally agrees with the subject in both transitive and intransitive sentences. An exception occurs when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses (simple past, past progressive, present perfect or past perfect). In such cases, the verb agrees with the subject if it is intransitive, but if it is transitive, it agrees with the object, therefore Pashto shows a partly behavior.
Like, but unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of – prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions. Phonology. Main article: Pashto dialects are divided into two varieties, the “soft” southern variety Paṣ̌tō, and the “hard” northern variety Pax̌tō (Pakhtu). Each variety is further divided into a number of dialects. The southern dialect of is the most distinctive Pashto dialect. Southern variety.
dialect (or Southern dialect). Kakar dialect (or Southeastern dialect). Shirani dialect. Marwat-Bettani dialect. dialect.
Southern Karlani group. Khattak dialect. Banuchi dialect. Dawarwola dialect. Masidwola dialect. dialect 2.
Northern variety. dialect (or Northwestern dialect). dialect (or Eastern dialect).
Yusufzai dialect (or Northeastern dialect). Northern Karlani group. Taniwola dialect. Khosti dialect. Zadran dialect.
Bangash-Orakzai-Turi-Zazi-Mangal dialect. dialect. Khogyani dialect. Wardak dialect Literature. The only American pronunciation listed by Oxford Online Dictionaries, is so rare that it is not even mentioned by the American Heritage and Merriam–Webster dictionaries. Sometimes spelled 'Pushtu' or 'Pushto', and then either pronounced the same or differently.
The spelling 'Pakhto' is so rare that it is not even mentioned by any major English dictionaries or even recognized by major English–Pashto dictionaries such as Thepashto.com, and it is specifically listed by only as an alternative name for Northern Pashto, not Southern or Central Pashto. References.
Though the following books are not scanned by us, but the actual owner gives us permission to upload their books to blog. You can download it very easily, share these books with your friends and also give your time to scan more and more books. These Books are scanned by 'Kakazai Pashtun', a guy from USA, where he found books in Library and scan it for you, he deserve your thanks.
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Rizwan Ali Ghuman has earlier written a few more Urdu novels. He is currently residing in Germany. This Urdu book is written by Dr. Hamayun Abbas Shams who has researched a lot before compiling this Urdu book. This is a long and a detailed Urdu book about Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani R.A. Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani R.A was a great and famous Islamic scholar whose services for Islam will always be remembered in the Islamic history.
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About Pashto. Pashto is an Iranian language of the Indo-European family spoken by over 17 million people, primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
This course teaches the Northern dialect as spoken in Kabul (Afghanistan), which will be understood through all Pashto-speaking regions. Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan (Dari is the other) and the native tongue of approximately 50 percent of the population there. Although, not an official language in Pakistan, it is spoken by approximately 13% of the population. Pashto uses a modified version of the Arabic alphabet, and is read right to left. Pashto, Basic.
Ten 30-minute lessons of spoken Pashto language instruction (the first ten Units of Pimsleurs 30-Unit Pashto Comprehensive Program). Completely Audio - anytime, anywhere. No computer necessary!. Essential grammar and vocabulary that teach you greetings, numbers, how to order food and drinks and to give and ask for directions. Learn to speak with near-native pronunciation. No mindless repetition!
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Pimsleur developed The Pimsleur Method based on two key principles: the Principle of Anticipation and a scientific principle of memory training that he called “Graduated Interval Recall.” This Method has been applied to the many levels and languages of the Pimsleur Programs.uage in Pakistan, it is spoken by approximately 13% of the population. Pashto uses a modified version of the Arabic alphabet, and is read right to left. Pashto, Basic. Ten 30-minute lessons of spoken Pashto language instruction (the first ten Units of Pimsleurs 30-Unit Pashto Comprehensive Program). Completely Audio - anytime, anywhere. Mp3 song download bollywood. No computer necessary!. Essential grammar and vocabulary that teach you greetings, numbers, how to order food and drinks and to give and ask for directions.
Learn to speak with near-native pronunciation. No mindless repetition! Converse with native speakers in natural (and useful!) conversations. Easy, fast, fun and effective language acquisition. Completely Audio - anytime, anywhere. No computer necessary!
Unlike expensive software programs which tie learners to a computer, Pimsleur courses are available in CD or mp3 format to meet your needs. Small FAQ about download Book files are stored on servers owned by you? We do not store files, because it is prohibited. Our site uses the API of third-party sites that store files.
That is, we are doing the same thing as Google, only within the framework of one subject. Third-party sites are multimedia services that allow you to read and download e-books. By subscribing, you get access to a huge library of multimedia content, which is updated daily. Services are fully optimized for all platforms - iOS, Android and PC. If there is a choice of file format, which format is better to download? Modern smartphones and computers can read files of any format. But the most compatible is the.PDF format.
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We regularly check (this is a fully automatic process) the availability of servers, the links to which we offer you. If the server does not provide a quick download, then we remove it from the list. Does the electronic version of the book completely replace the paper version? Of course not. Best of all, if after reading an e-book, you buy a paper version of Pashto, Basic: Learn to Speak and Understand Pashto with Pimsleur Language Programs. Read the book on paper - it is quite a powerful experience.
As we have been on this blog in Urdu language. Also there are many websites on the internet which also teach PHP online with great examples. But most of them teach this course in English.
While I have passion to teach these things in Urdu+Pashto languages. I earlier published basic PHP tutorials here and then I created projects in PHP and just recently I uploaded. You can find them easily on this blog. However, today I am going to share a free PDF E-Book with you, which is completely in Urdu language. In this book PHP course has been described very nicely in Urdu language.
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How to get upcoming E-books in Urdu? This book is absolutely free and you can use it for learning PHP. However, you should consider our efforts and share our efforts with your friends and other people that all get free knowledge. Also I have planned to write complete PDF E-books of particular software such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript and SEO.
So I would recommend you to enter your email address in below box to receive my upcoming tutorials & e-books via email.
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